Eguria

Election Malpractices By Eguriase S. M. Okaka A malpractice is any act or behavior that is against the law and makes the actor an offender. Electoral malpractices are unlawful acts or behaviors of persons, an electoral commission, political parties or candidates during elections that influence the outcome of an election result to favor their parties or candidates, thereby rendering the election results unacceptable. It is a form of political corruption. Therefore, it is a criminal act. Electoral malpractices are enemies of democracy in the society. They ruin the reliability and integrity of an election and produce officeholders who do not perform their duties as expected. Forms of Electoral Malpractices in Nigeria • Fake ballot papers: These are not genuinely printed by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). They are used to manipulate votes. • Manipulation of vote and voters: some people or groups influence votes by releasing wrong figures after the counting of vote...

Election and Voter Responsibility By Eguriase S. M. Okaka An election is the process of choosing candidates, from among interested persons, who will represent the people or occupy a political office. An election is a very important ingredient of democracy. Democracy requires that leaders do not make themselves or impose themselves on the led. Instead people are to choose their leaders. In our modern society, election is not only used in choosing people who serve in the executive and legislative arms of government, but also in the society choosing leaders or representatives for example among families, communities, trade unions, church, towns unions, etc. A voter is a person who is eligible to vote in an election. To qualify to vote, one must: • Be of age, that is, an adult. Here in Nigeria, a person must be up to eighteen (18) years of age. • Register to vote. Only citizens who register their names are allowed to vote during general election. Voting is the process of taking part i...

PILLARS OF DEMOCRACY By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Democracy cannot flourish properly without strong pillars. These pillars are those necessary prerequisites upon which democracy operates. These pillars guarantee enjoyment and survival of democracy in a state. The pillars of democracy include the following:  The People: The people constitute the basis for democracy. Democracy cannot be practiced in a vacuum. It is a society composed of people that are well informed. People are, therefore, the most important pillars of democracy in the society.  The Constitution: The constitution determines the structure of government with their powers and functions for the welfare and security of the people.  Political Parties: Political parties provide platforms for aspiring candidates and also present alternative choices for the electorate in a democratic setting.  Impartial Electoral Process: This involves the conduct of free and fair elections in a country. It is a pillar that holds democracy firm...

The Government by the People (Democracy) By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Democracy means government by the people. The term is derived from Greek word demos, meaning ‘people’, and ‘kratos’, meaning ‘rule’. In a democracy, the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. The general principle of democracy is that the majority rules while the minority rights are protected. According to Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. Democracy links government to the people. That is, it gives everyone an opportunity to participate. This is why it is a popular form of governance in most countries of the world. The principles of democracy can also be used in other areas of life e.g. in business, in schools and at home. Democracy has two types: Direct democracy and indirect (representative) democracy. In direct-democracy, the power of decision-making is exercised by the peo...

Consumer Rights and Responsibilities By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Consumer rights are the entitlements of a consumer to get the required value for the consumption of any good or service. Consumer rights seek to protect the interest of consumers against faulty goods, counterfeit goods, poor service, problems with contact, problem with builders, rogue traders, internet fraud, etc. In Nigeria, the Consumer Protection Council (CPC) was established by Act No. 66 of 1992, to provide protection for all consumers of goods and services. The Council has enforced compliance by the business sector to some extent. It has also adopted strategic initiative to enhance the protection of the rights of consumers and the prosecution and litigation of recalcitrant to achieve satisfactory redress. However, we have high rate of consumer rights abuses in the communications, aviation, banking and power sectors of the economy. Market failures manifest in different ways with varying degrees of a negative impact on...

Roles of Individuals and Groups in the Protection of Human Rights and the Rule of Law By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Human rights are basic rights of citizens to be enjoyed by them as contained in the constitution. Such rights include: right to life, right to education, freedom of expression, right to fair hearing, etc. Government establishes institutions that aid the protection and enjoyment of these rights such as the police, judiciary (court), civil defense, Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), NAFDC, ICPC, EFCC, customs and the military. In Nigeria, we also have the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) which is legally empowered to look into cases of human rights abuse. However, human rights are sometimes infringed upon by either an individual or the government. Steps Necessary for the Protection of Human Rights Under a democratic government, rights of citizens are not only entrenched in the constitution, but also protected by actions, policies and institutions of government. T...

HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW By Eguriase S. M. Okaka The Rule of Law Law is the body of rules and regulations that guide the government and the governed (citizens). A law is also the body or system of rules recognized by a community and enforceable by an established process. Such laws are contained in the constitution which can be written or unwritten. The law prescribes rights and responsibilities of the citizens to the state and also clarifies the powers of the government. This indicates that the law of every community, state or nation should be respected by everybody irrespective of their status. The rule of law on the other hand, means the supremacy of law over every person in the state. Rule of law emphasizes the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law and the enjoyment of individual rights. The doctrine of rule of law is credited to Prof. A. V. Dicey, who states that every political leader that is assigned with the role of controlling the affairs of a stat...

RELATIONSHIP AMONG FEDERAL, STATES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BY EGURIASE S. M. OKAKA A government is a system of government where the power to govern is divided between the national or central government and its component units. Nigeria, as a federation, operates a three-tier system of government. These are the federal government, state government and the local government. The federal government is the apex government, which is called the central government. The local government is the lowest level of government otherwise known as the grassroots government. The state government is the intermediate government which stands between the federal and the local government. Nigeria was formerly a single country before she became a federation in 1954. This means that the component states of the federation were created out of a single country. In a federal state, all the government, both federal and regional governments, are being coordinated together, yet they are independent of one another. Th...

NIGERIA AS A FEDERATION BY EGURIASE S. M. OKAKA Meaning of Federation Every state requires an organized system of governance for the warfare and security of the people. Governance is defined as the processes, decisions and action of the people who run the affairs of the state. It also means the establishment of policies, and continuous monitoring of their proper implementation of by the members of the governing body of the state. Consequently, a state may be either a federation, confederation or unitary. Each system determines the structure and powers of different levels of government towards satisfying the needs and aspirations of the people. A federation, therefore, is a union of states, regions or ethnic groups that are united under one federal government. These states or regions, which are called, federating units, are in control of most of their internal affairs while leaving some crucial issues such as defense, currency, immigration and external affairs in the hands of the cen...

COURAGE By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Meaning of Courage Courage is the strength to do what is difficult or dangerous without fear. It is also the determination to face pain, fear, hardship, danger, uncertainty or intimidation without being afraid. Courage is a very important quality to overcoming challenges. It also enables communities, societies, and nations to pursue a course and make progress. This is positive courage or courage that the society approves for it members to displayed. We also have negative courage, which is the boldness or fearlessness to do what is wrong and harmful to oneself, others, and the society. Negative courage includes courage to commit suicide, murder, arson, kidnapping, illegal bunkering, rape, shoplifting, tax evasion, resist punishment by school authority, etc. This type of courage does not bring progress to the society. Thus, it is not approved by the society. Types of Courage There are three main types of courage in the society – physical, moral and s...

Discipline By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Discipline is the quality of being in control of one’s behavior as a result of constant training. Discipline also means being well-behaved. A disciplined person is one who shows ability to control his or her behavior. He or she has a good training of mind and character and is able to exercise self-control and obedience to rules and regulation. A disciplined person does things as the society or group approves, rather than, as he or she wants. Every society needs disciplined men and women for the affairs of a society to run smoothly. Discipline is one of the most important values in a society. It enables us to do the right things without being forced. No society ever realizes its goals if its citizens are not disciplined. Attributes of Discipline Like other values, discipline has many attributes, some of which include:  Self-control: Self control is the ability to control your feelings, actions and desires, especially while expressing them. A sel...

Contentment By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Contentment is the feeling of satisfaction and happiness with what one has and with oneself. A person who is content is not desperate about things. However, contentment does not mean that a person should not make genuine efforts to have more things of life but only requires that he or she is not desperate in the efforts he or she makes. A content person cannot say I must get it at all cause. If he does, he is no longer a contented person but a desperate person. Contentment and desperation are two parallel lines which cannot meet in any way. Contented people regard whatever they have as the will of God. This is the key to fulfillment, freedom and security. Let me say here that if contentment is in the life of a person that person is safe from life’s problem which is often cause by anxiety and fear for tomorrow and what it might bring in terms of ones needs or desires. Do you know that a contented man or woman does have anxiety related sickness hype...

Traffic Rules and Regulation By Eguriase S. M. Okaka Traffic rules and regulations came into Nigeria during the colonial era. Traffic rules and regulations are passed into law by every country to guarantee the safety of all road users. With the increase of vehicular movement in Nigeria, the laws on road traffic must be properly handled by the authority in charge. The National Road Traffic Act was enacted on 1st January, 1949 which later gave birth to vehicle inspection office. Meaning of Traffic Rules and Regulations Traffic rules and regulations are acts or laws enacted by the legislature of a country to make our roads accident free. It is called the Highway Code in Nigeria. These laws are made to check driver’s behavior. Traffic rules and regulations could also be define as sets of statements and symbols which direct road users at any given circumstance on what to do and what must not be done in order to avoid accident and ensure safety for all road users. Traffic Rules and Regula...